Pesticide-induced alterations of hemopoietic functions in Anabas testudineus inhabiting wetlands in agricultural landscape

The unrestricted use of agrochemicals in crop fields lowers the overall prospects of survival and yield of wetland fish species like Anabas testudineus. In the present study, the impact of different doses of SUMIDON-40, an organophosphate (OP) pesticide on the hematopoiesis of Anabas testudineus has been examined. The small lymphoid hemoblast and consequently the polychromatophilic erythroblasts decreased significantly at both sublethal and LC₅₀ dose-treated fish. The percentage of mature erythrocyte also fell significantly in the pesticide-treated groups. The erythropoietic efficiency was increased in fish exposed to sublethal dose but fell in fish exposed to LC50 dose. Among leucocytes, the percentage of neutrophils rose in Anabas testudineus in both treatment groups and percentage of macrophage decreased significantly only in LC₅₀ dose-treated group. The percentage of lymphocyte increased significantly in sublethal dose-treated groups. The overall leukopoietic efficiency, however, was elevated significantly in both treatment groups. These facts clearly indicated that pesticides affected the overall process of hematopoiesis in this fish species. Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle in pronephric kidney cells confirmed changes in percentage of cell death and DNA synthesis following pesticide exposure. Data indicate that habitat deterioration from agrochemicals impedes the hematopoiesis in this species resulting in reduced tolerance in their usually hypoxic habitat environment.     

Biochemical and histological alterations induced by a formulation of dicofol in the embryonic liver of Gallus domesticus

In the present investigation, hepatotoxic effect of a commercially available insecticide formulation of dicofol (Colonel–S® 18.5% emulsified concentrate) was studied in the developing chick embryo. Fertilized eggs of Gallus domesticus were immersed in three different dose concentrations, i.e. 250, 500, and 1000 mg L^?1 of Colonel–S on “0” and fourth days of incubation for 60 min at 37 °C and incubated till embryonic day 16. Severe histopathological cellular lesions, such as extensive cell degeneration and necrosis with enlarged blood sinusoids, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and leucocyte infiltrations with congestion or dilation of central vein, appeared in dose-depended manner. Dicofol treatment also caused significant decrease in the levels of total protein, glycogen, and glutathione content and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity of embryonic liver, whereas glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity showed mixed response.     

Project tocoen. The fate of selected organic pollutants in the environment—iv. soil,earthworms and vegetation 1988

The samples of soils, earthworms and vegetation (needles, lichens, mosses) were collected for the realization of Project TOCOEN (Toxic Organic Compounds in the ENvironment). The samples were collected from three TOCOEN model areas in Czechoslovakia—one city and two rural areas. The samples were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated pesticides (C1‐PEST) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).     

Charge‐transfer chromatographic study of the interaction of commercial pesticides with hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin

The interaction between 33 commercial pesticides with hydroxypropyI‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPBCD) was studied by charge‐transfer reversed‐phase thin‐layer chromatography using aqueous sodium chloride solutions as eluents. Each pesticide interacted with HPBCD, their lipophilicity linearly decreased with increasing HPBCD concentration, the pesticide ‐ HPBCD complex (probably inclusion complex) always being more hydrophilic than the uncomplexed pesticide. In many cases the retention of pesticide increased with increasing concentration of salt in the eluent. This effect can be tentatively explained by the suppression of the dissociation of the polar groups in the solute molecules resulting in increased apparent lipophilicity. No significant correlation was found between lipophilicity and complex stability or between salting‐out effect and lipophilicity, that is other than hydrophobic forces are involved in the pesticide ‐ HPBCD interaction.     

Preliminary toxicity evaluation of water from rice fields using cost‐effective microbiotests

A study was performed in a Protected Area (Natural Reserve of Sado Estuary) in 1996, to evaluate the acute toxicity for aquatic life of surface water from rice fields treated with pesticides, particularly with molinate and quinclorac. As a preliminary assessment, the following rapid toxicity tests were used: “Rotoxkit F”;, “Thamnotoxkit F”; and the recently introduced “Daphtoxkit F magna”; and “Algaltoxkit F”;. Water samples were collected from: a water source for irrigating the rice fields, two rice plots, a drainage channel and from Sado river in which the water is discharged. The results showed that samples from the rice plot treated with molinate were more toxic than those obtained from rice plot treated with quinclorac. Water samples from the river were the most toxic, causing 100% of immobility in all organisms and a substantial inhibition in the algal growth. Water collected from the drainage channel in late July, was also found to be quite toxic. The results obtained until now indicate that some characteristics of these microbiotests, like their rapidity, simplicity and relatively low cost, make them a practical tool to evaluate acute effects of pesticides in freshwater ecosystems. They may also contribute to suggest some changes in pesticides use to promote agricultural practices with lower impact to aquatic life.     

Effect of agrochemicals on earthworms

This review describes the toxic effects of agrochemicals on earthworms. Carbamates are described as extremely toxic to earthworms in comparison to organophosphorus insecticides. Some pesticides have drastic effect on the nervous system of the earthworm. Earthworm can accumulate heavy metals from the soil in higher levels than any other animal. Mercury is twenty times more toxic than chromium.     

Concentrations of Hchs and Ddts in the Tissues of River Dolphins,Platanista Gangetica,From the River Ganges,India

Abstract

Concentrations of HCH and DDT organochlorine insecticide residues were measured in blubber, muscle and oil samples from three specimens of river dolphins, Platanista gangetica, from the River Ganges, India. Concentrations of HCH and DDT ranged from 94 to 289 ng g^?1 and from 1324 to 9388 ng g^?1 on wet wt. basis respectively. Comparisons are made with other aquatic mammals and other studies on river dolphins. P. gangetica appears to exhibit similar patterns of accumulation with age and with ß-HCH and p-p′-DDE being accumulated to higher levels than other HCH isomers and parent DDT and its other metabolites, respectively. These organochlorines may pose a health risk to river dolphin populations that are already showing evidence of environmental stress. Further studies are recommended.     

降雨中有机氯农药土壤-水界面迁移过程的实验模拟

以人工降雨实验模拟的方法,对有机氯农药在降雨过程中非点源污染的产生进行了研究.结果表明,在降雨过程中,表层径流中有机氯农药的输出量高于土壤渗流液.土壤径流中有机氯农药浓度的输出呈现先下降后平缓的趋势.土壤有机质影响着降雨过程中有机氯农药浓度的输出变化趋势.泥炭土径流中有机氯农药的输出量相对较高.有机氯农药残留总量沿土壤剖面的总体变化趋势为随深度增加而下降,其峰值出现在0—5 cm,反映了污染物的转移规律.泥炭土中有机氯农药的残留量最低.泥炭土、黄褐土和风沙土中有机氯农药含量的峰值均出现在第2次和第3次采样时间,但在30 d后有机氯农药的残留量仍较高,表明有机氯农药在土壤中残留时间长,可能存在着一定的生态风险.     

新烟碱类农药的污染现状及转化行为研究进展

新烟碱类(neonicotinoids)农药自在20世纪80年代中期引入以来,便发展成为世界上使用最广泛的一类杀虫剂。近年来,该类化合物在环境中被不断检出,并通过饮用水和食物等方式进入食物链,给人类健康带来极大的安全隐患。文章综述了新烟碱类杀虫剂在空气、土壤、水相、生物体和人体中的暴露浓度,以及这类农药在环境中的转化行为。目前针对新烟碱类杀虫剂的环境暴露研究仍十分有限,需要更全面调查其在多环境介质中的暴露状况以综合评价其生态风险。关于新烟碱类化合物的毒理学研究主要集中在急性毒性试验,而对于其他形式的毒性效应有待进一步研究。最后对新烟碱农药未来的研究重点和方向提出了展望。     

太湖西岸地表水中极性有机污染物非靶向筛查与生态风险评估

环境中新兴污染物层出不穷,已经成为当前环境研究的关键问题.为全面筛查太湖西岸武进和宜兴地区地表水中的潜在极性有机污染物,基于高效液相色谱和飞行时间质谱联用技术进行非靶向筛查,利用精确质量数、同位素分布和二级碎片信息进行质谱库匹配共识别出162个有机物,包括46种农药、34种药物、8种个人护理产品、27种添加剂、17种有机合成中间体和30种动植物代谢物或天然物质,其中45个有机物经过标准品验证.对42种污染物进行定量分析并对3种营养级模式生物物种进行生态风险评估,发现25种污染物具有中等风险以上,12种污染物具有高风险.非靶向筛查能够在无先验信息和标准品的情况下全面识别潜在未知污染物,不仅快速、准确和分析通量高,还能为后续生态风险评估提供重要的依据.